Introduction to organotinides and general operation
1.1 Introduction to organotin compounds
(1) Organotin compounds are metal-organic compounds formed by the direct combination of Sn and C elements. The general formula RnSnX4-n (n=1-4, R is an alkyl or aromatic group). There are two types of compounds: alkyltin compounds and aromatic compounds. The basic structures are mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-substituted (referring to the number of R’s). Dialkyltin mainly damages the hepatobiliary system; trialkyltin and tetraalkyltin mainly cause neurological damage. 10-20% of tin production is used in the synthesis of organotin compounds.
(2) The main damage caused by organotin compounds to living organisms is: the central nervous system causes cerebral white matter oedema, the oxidative phosphorylation process in cellular energy use is impaired, the thymus and lymphatic system is inhibited, cellular immunity is impaired, hormone secretion is inhibited causing diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Toxicity to humans, local irritation of the skin, respiratory tract, cornea, systemic poisoning through the skin or cerebral oedema, and even death. 10% mortality in France in 1958 due to the treatment of skin diseases with agents containing triethyltin (known as the Strinon incident).
1.2 General handling
1) Wear protective glasses, mask, gloves, white coat and operate in a fume hood. [When conditions permit, it is best to wear an isolation respirator, a one-piece duct tape gas-proof suit and rubber gloves.
2) The most important application of organotin in organic synthesis should be stille coupling, which can cover almost half of the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, stille himself is also a pioneer of palladium catalysis, 2010 Nobel did not give him, it is a pity (the biggest drawback of this reaction is the toxicity of tin); secondly, some organotin reagents can be used as selective radicals for multifunctional compounds The reaction is a good one. For stille coupling, the reaction is directly concentrated and purified or simply extracted, which is the most common error, with the consequence that it is easily absorbed by the human body during post-treatment and purification, and the waste solution containing tin can easily cause environmental pollution. A reasonable operation is to add a saturated aqueous KF or Py-HF solution after the reaction and stir for at least one hour before carrying out the usual post-treatment and purification].
3) A special reminder is that many people are not sensitive to the smell of organotin reagents or cannot smell it at all, but of course there are also partners who are very sensitive to the smell of tin reagents. For many people who cannot smell the tin reagent, poisoning is unconscious, so prevention of poisoning is the key. Organotins are highly or moderately toxic. It can enter the body through the respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin mucous membrane, damaging the liver, kidney and nervous system. Prevention of poisoning is the key. After poisoning, thorough decontamination should be carried out promptly and primary and complications should be treated actively. Mild poisoning and skin irritation can have less obvious sequelae. Severe poisoning can be followed by significant sequelae in the nervous system, kidneys, etc.]
(4) There is no specific treatment for organotin poisoning and organotin can accumulate in the body. The treatment period for mild poisoning is also relatively long and can produce continuous damage to the body.
